FOURTH SUNDAY AFTER THE EPIPHANY, YEAR B
January 27 / 28, 2024
Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church, Warwick, R. I.
Mark 1:21-28
The Gospel that we’ve just heard twice describes Jesus as having “authority.” First, in the synagogue at Capernaum, “they were astounded at his teaching, for he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes.” And second, after his expulsion of a demon, “all were amazed, and they kept on asking one another, “What is this? A new teaching—with authority!”
Many of the debates in today’s Church concern the nature and sources of authority. How do we weight the respective authorities of scripture, tradition, reason, and experience in determining how the Church should stand in relation to the moral and ethical challenges of the contemporary world? Where does authority reside in the Church, and who exercises it? How do we negotiate the potential conflict between external authorities such as the state and the internal authority of conscience?
But before we can tackle the big questions, we need to ask: What is authority? And it seems to me that we can distinguish different kinds of authority.
The first is decision-making authority. At the Annual Meeting today, the members of the parish will elect vestry officers and members, as well as delegates to the Diocesan Convention. These are decisions that only an annual meeting normally has the authority to make.
Canon law and church polity give authority for some decisions to the rector, and others to the vestry. For example, the vestry has authority over the parish budget and finances, and the rector has authority over the conduct of worship. Decision-making authority thus confers on its bearer the right to be recognized as the one who makes certain kinds of decisions in certain defined circumstances.
Another type of authority is teaching authority; and this comes closer to what today’s Gospel is talking about. In academic life, it’s sometimes said that a scholar is “an authority in her field.” What’s meant is that this particular scholar has not only mastered the field, but has also done such original research or come up with such profound insights, that she’s not just repeating and synthesizing what others have said before. She’s earned the right to be listened to when she speaks.
Something like this form of authority is at work in today’s Gospel when the people are astonished because our Lord speaks as one having authority and not as the scribes. This implies that the scribes in question were more conservative; repeating what past authorities had said, and arranging them under topical headings, and sometimes laying out conflicting sayings of different rabbis, side-by-side without attempting to resolve the apparent contradictions.
Our Lord’s approach is bolder and much more radical. In the Sermon on the Mount, he introduces a past teaching with the formula, “You have heard it said …” Then he goes on to quote the traditional saying, such as “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.” Then he continues, “But I say to you …” and he gives his own new interpretation: “Do not resist one who is evil. If anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also …” In this way, he demonstrates that he speaks as one who has teaching authority.
A third type of authority might be called the authority of command. You’re driving your car, and you see flashing red and blue lights in your rear view mirror, so you pull over. This type of authority doesn’t propose ideas for us to consider; it issues orders for us to obey. The potential for the abuse of this kind of authority is such that we typically circumscribe it with all kinds of limitations and safeguards, to protect our individual rights. But only a moment’s reflection confirms that such commanding authority is necessary to the functioning of any group or organization, whether a business, school, city, state, or even church.
Sometimes we just need to be told what to do. In today’s Gospel our Lord exercises this type of authority over the demons: “He commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him.”
So, we have three types of authority. The first type gives its bearer the right to make certain types of decisions. The second type gives its bearer the right to be listened to and taken seriously as an expert in a certain field of knowledge. And the third type gives its bearer the right to be heeded and obeyed on issuing certain types of directions, instructions, commands, or orders.
There is perhaps a fourth type, which operates in response to the first three, which we might call the authority of personal freedom and judgment. For even when we recognize someone’s right to make a decision, we don’t always have to agree with the decision. Even when we recognize someone as an authority in her field, we don’t have to believe everything she says. And even when we recognize someone’s authority to issue orders or give instructions, we always retain the right in extreme circumstances to disobey if conscience so requires. In other words, the recognition of legitimate authority does not take away our freedom and responsibility to decide how to respond to that authority.
The crowds were astonished because Jesus spoke not as the scribes but as one having authority. As the incarnate Son of God, Jesus is the ultimate embodiment of all authority. He’s the ultimate decision-making authority, because whatever he decides, happens. He’s the ultimate teaching authority because he not only speaks the truth but is the truth. And he’s the ultimate commanding authority, because he alone has the right to our unqualified loyalty and obedience. In other words, where all human authority is secondary and derivative, God’s authority alone is primary and original.
Yet authority is not to be confused with power. Authority legitimizes power but is not the same as power. An occupying army of an invaded country has plenty of power but little authority. Conversely, a figure like the King of England in a constitutional monarchy has little power but a great deal of authority. And Christ reigning as king from the Cross has no power but all authority. He thus reveals once and for all self-sacrificing love as the divine pattern of all true authority.
The crowds were astonished because Jesus spoke as one having authority. The Gospel does not tell us how they finally responded to the authority they experienced as present in their midst that day. They retained their freedom to decide.
Likewise, the most important decision that you or I can ever make is how we shall respond to the living authority of God in Christ. He alone has the final authority to order our lives, teach us the truth, and direct us in the way that leads to eternal life – provided that we say yes, and believe, and follow him.